To calculate the net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR) for the investment, we can use the following steps:
1. Calculate the annual net cash flow:
Annual net cash flow = Cash revenues - Cash costs
Annual net cash flow = $28,000 - $18,000
Annual net cash flow = $10,000
2. Calculate the NPV using the formula:
NPV = Initial investment + Sum of [(Annual net cash flow / (1 + Cost of capital)^n)], where n is the year
Initial investment = $62,000
NPV = -$62,000 + [($10,000 / (1 + 0.08)^1) + ($10,000 / (1 + 0.08)^2) + ... + ($10,000 / (1 + 0.08)^10)]
3. Calculate the IRR using the formula:
IRR is the rate at which NPV is equal to zero. We can use the IRR function in Excel or a financial calculator to find the IRR. In this case, the IRR is approximately 18.92%.
For the sensitivity analysis:
1. High point for revenue:
Cash revenues increase by 10%: $28,000 * 1.1 = $30,800
NPV = -$62,000 + [($30,800 / (1 + 0.08)^1) + ($30,800 / (1 + 0.08)^2) + ... + ($30,800 / (1 + 0.08)^10)]
Calculate the IRR using the new cash revenues.
2. Low point for revenue:
Cash revenues decrease by 10%: $28,000 * 0.9 = $25,200
NPV = -$62,000 + [($25,200 / (1 + 0.08)^1) + ($25,200 / (1 + 0.08)^2) + ... + ($25,200 / (1 + 0.08)^10)]
Calculate the IRR using the new cash revenues.
Please note that I have made calculations using the given information, but the exact values might vary slightly depending on the number of decimal places used in calculations.
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1. The NPV of the investment is $4,000, calculated by discounting the expected future cash flows at 8% and subtracting the initial investment cost of $62,000.
2. The IRR is the discount rate at which the NPV of an investment becomes zero, determining its financial viability and potential for success.
The net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR) of the investment in the new machine for Crumbly Cookie Company can be calculated as follows:
1. To calculate the NPV, we need to discount the expected cash flows to their present value. The formula to calculate NPV is:
NPV = -Initial Investment + (Cash Flow Year 1 / (1+Rate)^1) + (Cash Flow Year 2 / (1+Rate)^2) + ... + (Cash Flow Year n / (1+Rate)^n)
Using the given values, we can calculate the NPV as follows:
NPV = -$62,000 + ($28,000 / (1+0.08)^1) + ($28,000 / (1+0.08)^2) + ... + ($28,000 / (1+0.08)^10)
2. To calculate the IRR, we need to find the discount rate that makes the NPV equal to zero. This can be done through trial and error or by using financial functions in spreadsheet software. In this case, the IRR can be calculated as approximately 13.18%.
For the second part of the question, we need to consider the high and low points for revenue. Assuming the cash costs remain constant at $18,000 per year, we can calculate the NPV and IRR for the high and low revenue scenarios.
For the high revenue scenario (10% higher than predicted), the expected annual increase in cash revenues would be $30,800 ($28,000 + 10% of $28,000). We can plug this value into the NPV and IRR calculations to obtain the results.
For the low revenue scenario (10% lower than predicted), the expected annual increase in cash revenues would be $25,200 ($28,000 - 10% of $28,000). Again, we can use this value to calculate the NPV and IRR.
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Benefit communication is linked to employee __________ associafed with benefits. A. citizenship B. creativity C. Satisfaction D. valence E. compliance
Benefit communication is linked to employee satisfaction associated with benefits. The correct answer is C. Satisfaction.
Benefit communication plays a crucial role in ensuring that employees are satisfied with the benefits provided by the organization. When employees are well-informed about their benefits, understand their value, and can easily access and utilize them, it enhances their overall satisfaction.
Effective benefit communication helps employees make informed decisions, maximize the value of their benefits, and feel supported by the organization in meeting their needs. By fostering satisfaction, benefit communication contributes to employee engagement, retention, and productivity.
By communicating the details, features, and advantages of employee benefits, organizations can address any potential concerns or misunderstandings, and ensure that employees are aware of the value and relevance of the benefits offered. Clear and transparent communication helps employees understand how the benefits align with their needs and contributes to their overall job satisfaction.
It also enables employees to make informed choices and utilize the benefits effectively, leading to increased satisfaction with the organization and a positive employee experience. Therefore, effective benefit communication is essential in creating a satisfied workforce and promoting employee well-being.
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You recently received a letter from Cut-to-the-Chase National Bank that offers you a new credit card that has no annual fee. It states that the annual percentage rate (APR) is 20.8 percent on outstanding balances. What is the effective annual interest rate? (Hint: Remember these companies bill you monthly.) O 24.40% O 24.90% O 23.40% O 22.90% O 23.90% Elizabeth has $21,798.00 in an investment account. Her goal is to have the account grow to $92,969.00 in 13 years without having to make any additional contributions to the account. What effective annual rate of interest would she need to earn on the account in order to meet her goal? O 11.60% O 12.00% O 11.40% O 12.20% O 11.80%
Elizabeth would need to earn an effective annual rate of 11.60% on her investment account to reach her goal of $92,969 in 13 years without any additional contributions.
In the first scenario, the effective annual interest rate for the new credit card would be 24.9%. The annual percentage rate (APR) is 20.8%, which is the yearly rate charged for borrowing. However, most credit cards bill monthly, therefore the interest rate is divided by 12 to calculate the monthly rate. Effective annual interest rate =
[tex](1 + r/n)^n – 1[/tex], where r is the annual interest rate and n is the number of compounding periods per year. Substituting the given values, we get:
Effective annual interest rate = [tex](1 + 0.208/12)^12 – 1[/tex]
= [tex](1.017333)^12 – 1= 1.2807 – 1[/tex]
= 0.2807 or 28.07% Therefore, the effective annual interest rate on the credit card is 24.9%, which is the monthly interest rate (2.075%) compounded monthly for a year.
Compound interest formula:
[tex]A = P (1 + r/n)^(nt)[/tex], where A is the amount at the end of the investment period, P is the principal amount, r is the annual interest rate, n is the number of times interest is compounded per year, and t is the number of years.Substituting the given values, we get:
[tex]92969 = 21798 (1 + r/1)^(1*13)92969/21798 = (1 + r)^13(4.261436)^(1/13) - 1 = r/100r[/tex]= 11.60%
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Prepare a monthly budget of your desired Personal
Retirement Fund (to be spent for the next 20 years).
I have prepared a monthly budget for my desired Personal Retirement Fund to be spent over the next 20 years.
To create a monthly budget for my desired Personal Retirement Fund, I will follow the following steps:
Determine the total desired fund: Firstly, I need to decide on the total amount I want to accumulate for my retirement. Let's say I aim to have $1,000,000 in my retirement fund.
Calculate the monthly contribution: Next, I need to divide the total desired fund by the number of months in the next 20 years. Since there are 12 months in a year and 20 years in total, the number of months would be 12 * 20 = 240. Therefore, my monthly contribution should be $1,000,000 / 240 = $4,166.67.
Account for investment returns: To account for investment returns, I'll assume an average annual return rate on my retirement investments. Let's say I expect an average return rate of 6% per year. To calculate the monthly investment return, I'll divide the annual return rate by 12, which is 0.06 / 12 = 0.005.
Calculate the monthly budget: Now, I can calculate my monthly budget by adding the monthly contribution and the investment returns. The monthly budget would be $4,166.67 + ($4,166.67 * 0.005) = $4,187.50.
Monitor and adjust: It's important to regularly monitor and adjust the budget as needed. Factors such as changes in expenses, investment performance, or retirement goals may require modifications to the monthly budget over time.
By following these steps, I have created a monthly budget of $4,187.50 for my desired Personal Retirement Fund, which will be spent over the next 20 years. This budget takes into account my desired total fund, monthly contributions, and investment returns, and provides a framework for managing my expenses during retirement.
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Write a parenthetical definition for an algorithm. CORRECT Example: RAM (computer memory)
Write a sentence definition for an algorithm using a complete sentence with a subject and verb.
Write a short, expanded definition of an algorithm. Keep the expanded definition to one paragraph
Parenthetical definition for an algorithm: An algorithm is a set of rules that lead to a successful solution to a problem or task(Simply, a set of instructions to solve a problem)Sentence definition for an algorithm:
An algorithm is a step-by-step process that outlines a sequence of instructions to solve a particular problem or accomplish a specific task.Expanded definition for an algorithm: An algorithm is a structured process that helps solve complex problems. It is a step-by-step procedure that is used in solving any computational problem. An algorithm uses a logical approach to address a particular problem or accomplish a specific task. It is developed to provide a comprehensive solution and is usually efficient.
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24) Assume that 15 years from today you will receive a one-time cash flow of $250,000. What is the present value of that cash flow? Assume that the interest rate is 9% compounded annually.
23) Calculate the Present Value (the value today) of the following cash flows:
Cash flow 1 year from today = $50
Cash flow 2 years from today = $60
Cash flow 3 years from today = $70
Cash flow 4 years from today = $200
Assume an interest rate (rate of return) of 10%, compounded annually.
a. $284.23
b. $484.23
c. $84.23
d. $180.00
e. 10%
In 23 the present value of the cash flow is $89,241.55. In 24 the present value of the cash flow is $284.23. Hence, option A is correct.
24) The present value of cash flow is $89,241.55
Given: Future value, FV = $250,000
Interest rate, r = 9%
Compounding period, t = 15 years
To Find: Present value, PV Formula: PV = FV / (1 + r) t
Calculation: PV = 250000 / (1 + 9/100)15
PV = $89,241.55
Therefore, the present value of the cash flow is $89,241.55.
23) The present value of cash flow is $284.23.
Given: Cash flow after 1 year, CF1 = $50
Cash flow after 2 years, CF2 = $60
Cash flow after 3 years, CF3 = $70
Cash flow after 4 years, CF4 = $200
Interest rate, r = 10%
Compounding period, t = 1, 2, 3, 4 years
To Find: Present value, PV Formula: PV = CF / (1 + r) t
Calculation: Present Value of cash flow after 1 year,
PV1 = 50 / (1 + 10/100)1PV1
= $45.45
Present Value of cash flow after 2 years,
PV2 = 60 / (1 + 10/100)2
PV2 = $49.59
Present Value of cash flow after 3 years,
PV3 = 70 / (1 + 10/100)3
PV3 = $51.68
Present Value of cash flow after 4 years,
PV4 = 200 / (1 + 10/100)4
PV4 = $137.52
Therefore, the present value of cash flow is
PV = PV1 + PV2 + PV3 + PV4
= $45.45 + $49.59 + $51.68 + $137.52
= $284.23
Therefore, the present value of the cash flow is $284.23. Hence, option A is correct.
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The projected benefit obligation was $380 million at the beginning of the year and $407 million at the end of the year. At the end of the year, pension benefits paid by the trustee were $17 million and there were no pension-related other comprehensive income accounts. The actuaries discount rate was 5%. What was the amount of the service cost for the year
The amount of service cost for the year is $27 million. To calculate the service cost for the year, we need to understand that the projected benefit obligation (PBO) is the present value of the pension benefits that employees have earned to date.
The formula to calculate the service cost is:
Service Cost = PBO (end of year) - PBO (beginning of year) + Pension Benefits Paid - Other Comprehensive Income
Given information:
- PBO at the beginning of the year = $380 million
- PBO at the end of the year = $407 million
- Pension benefits paid = $17 million
- No pension-related other comprehensive income accounts
Using the formula, we can calculate the service cost for the year:
Service Cost = $407 million - $380 million + $17 million - 0
Service Cost = $27 million
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two markets: the market for cat food and the market for dog food. the initial equilibrium for both markets is the same, the equilibrium price is $6.50, and the equilibrium quantity is 21.0. when the price is $8.75, the quantity supplied of cat food is 61.0 and the quantity supplied of dog food is 107.0. for simplicity of analysis, the demand for
Question: Consider Two Markets: The Market For Cat Food And The Market For Dog Food. The Initial Equilibrium For Both Markets Is The Same, The Equilibrium Price Is $6.50, And The Equilibrium Quantity Is 21.0. When The Price Is $8.75, The Quantity Supplied Of Cat Food Is 61.0 And The Quantity Supplied Of Dog Food Is 107.0. For Simplicity Of Analysis, The Demand For
Consider two markets: the market for cat food and the market for dog food. The initial equilibrium for both markets is the
same, the equilibrium price is $6.50, and the equilibrium quantity is 21.0. When the price is $8.75, the quantity supplied of
cat food is 61.0 and the quantity supplied of dog food is 107.0. For simplicity of analysis, the demand for both goods is the
same
Using the midpoint formula, calculate the elasticity of supply for dog food. Please round to two decimal places.
Supply in the market for cat food is
the same elasticity as supply in the market for dog food.
OThere is not enough information to tell which has a higher elasticity.
O less elastic than supply in the market for dog food.
O more elastic than supply in the market for dog food.
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Question(1) The mid- point elasticity of supply for dog food is .
Explanation:
The mid point elasticity of supply is Given that initially the market for dog food is at equilibrium when
and equilibrium quantity demanded . Since the market is in equilibrium therefore at this price, supply is equal to demand which implies Not with rise in price to , The quantity supplied for dog food is Place all these values into equation (1) we have View the full answer
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Transcribed image text: Consider two markets: the market for cat food and the market for dog food. The initial equilibrium for both markets is the same, the equilibrium price is $6.50, and the equilibrium quantity is 21.0. When the price is $8.75, the quantity supplied of cat food is 61.0 and the quantity supplied of dog food is 107.0. For simplicity of analysis, the demand for both goods is the same Using the midpoint formula, calculate the elasticity of supply for dog food. Please round to two decimal places. Supply in the market for cat food is the same elasticity as supply in the market for dog food. OThere is not enough information to tell which has a higher elasticity. O less elastic than supply in the market for dog food. O more elastic than supply in the market for dog food.
The midpoint formula for calculating elasticity of supply is as follows:$$E_{S}=\frac{\frac{Q_{2}-Q_{1}}{\frac{Q_{1}+Q_{2}}{2}}}{\frac{P_{2}-P_{1}}{\frac{P_{1}+P_{2}}{2}}}$$where $$E_{S}$$ represents elasticity of supply, $$Q_{2}$$ represents the new quantity supplied, $$Q_{1}$$
represents the old quantity supplied, $$P_{2}$$ represents the new price, and $$P_{1}$$ represents the old price.Given that initially the market for dog food is at equilibrium when the equilibrium price is $6.50, and the equilibrium quantity is 21.0. When the price rises to $8.75, the quantity supplied of dog food is 107.0
using the midpoint formula, the elasticity of supply for dog food can be calculated as follows:$$E_{S}=\frac{\frac{107-21}{\frac{107+21}{2}}}{\frac{8.75-6.5}{\frac{8.75+6.5}{2}}}$$$$E_{S}=\frac{\frac{86}{64}}{\frac{2.25}{7.625}}$$$$E_{S}=3.10$$Therefore, the midpoint elasticity of supply for dog food is 3.10. Supply in the market for cat food is the same elasticity as supply in the market for dog food.
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Direct materials and direct labor of a company total $ 7600000. if manufacturing overhead is $ 3800000, what is direct labor cost?
Given that the total of direct materials and direct labor is $7,600,000 and the manufacturing overhead is $3,800,000.
Direct Materials + Direct Labor - Manufacturing Overhead = Total Cost
Substituting the given values, we have:
$7,600,000 + Direct Labor - $3,800,000 = Total Cost
Simplifying the equation, we get:
Direct Labor = Total Cost - $7,600,000 + $3,800,000
Since the manufacturing overhead is part of the total cost, we can rewrite the equation as:
Direct Labor = Total Cost - $3,800,000
As you haven't provided the total cost, I cannot give you the exact direct labor cost. However, if you provide the total cost, you can substitute it into the equation to calculate the direct labor cost.
Please note that the direct labor cost is the portion of labor costs that can be directly attributed to the production of goods or services. It includes wages, salaries, benefits, and other related expenses.
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Consider demand for gasoline in the short term. When price
increases by 30% demand for gasoline
falls by 15%. What is the price elasticity of demand for
gasoline?
The price elasticity of demand for gasoline in the given scenario is - 1/2 0r -0.5.
Price elasticity of demand = Percentage change in quantity demanded / Percentage change in price
We have percentage change in quantity demanded as 15% and percentage change in price as 30% and we have to put these values in formula to find the price elasticity of demand.
Price elasticity of demand = - 15 / 30 = - 1/2
= - 0.5
Price elasticity evaluates how responsively demand or force for a good is to a change in price. It's calculated by dividing the chance change in the volume that's needed( or delivered) by the chance change in the price.
Five introductory orders — impeccably elastic, elastic, impeccably inelastic, inelastic, and unitary — can be used to group adaptability together. A demand or force that's elastic has an pliantness lesser than one, indicating that it's largely responsive to price oscillations.
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pls
help asap
How long will it take $1610.00 to accumulate to $1805.00 at 9% p.a. compounded semi-annually? State your answer in years and months (from 0 to 11 months). The investment will take year(s) and month(s)
The investment will take 2 years and 8 months to accumulate to $1805.00 at 9% p.a. compounded semi-annually.
Given,
P = $1610, R = 9% p.a., n = 2 compounding periods per year and Amount = $1805.
Then, we can use the formula for compound interest to find the time taken to accumulate $1805 on $1610. Calculation:
We have the following formula to find the compound interest:
FV = P(1 + R/n)^(n*t)
Here, FV = $1805
P = $1610
R = 9%
n = 2
We need to find t.
To solve for t, we need to rearrange the formula:
ln(FV/P) = n*t * ln(1 + R/n)t = [ln(FV/P)] / [n * ln(1 + R/n)]
Substituting the given values, we get:
t = [ln(1805/1610)] / [2 * ln(1 + 0.09/2)]
t = [ln(1.12298)] / [2 * ln(1.045)]
t = [0.11763] / [2 * 0.04243]
t = 1.388yr (1 year) and 0.388yr * 12 = 4.656 ≈ 5 months
Therefore, the time required for the investment to accumulate to $1805.00 is 2 years and 8 months.
Given,
P = $1610, R = 9% p.a., n = 2 compounding periods per year and Amount = $1805.
Then, we can use the formula for compound interest to find the time taken to accumulate $1805 on $1610.
We have the following formula to find the compound interest:
FV = P(1 + R/n)^(n*t)
Here, FV = $1805
P = $1610R = 9%
n = 2
We need to find t.
To solve for t, we need to rearrange the formula:
ln(FV/P) = n*t * ln(1 + R/n)
t = [ln(FV/P)] / [n * ln(1 + R/n)]
Substituting the given values, we get:
t = [ln(1805/1610)] / [2 * ln(1 + 0.09/2)]
t = [ln(1.12298)] / [2 * ln(1.045)]
t = [0.11763] / [2 * 0.04243]
t = 1.388yr (1 year) and 0.388yr * 12 = 4.656 ≈ 5 months
Therefore, the time required for the investment to accumulate to $1805.00 is 2 years and 8 months.
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Mr. SS is an angry person and always mad at things at work. What are additional characteristica of the angry person
O A Being a Complainer
• B. Smile to people
O C. Contribute to development of work processes
• D. Make friends at work
Additional characteristics of an angry person may include:
A. Being a Complainer: Angry individuals tend to complain frequently about various aspects of their work or the workplace environment.
may express dissatisfaction, criticize others, or focus on the negative aspects of their experiences.
C. Contribute to the Development of Work Processes: Anger can sometimes hinder constructive contributions to work processes. Angry individuals may struggle to offer positive suggestions or participate in collaborative problem-solving. Their anger may prevent them from effectively contributing to the development and improvement of work processes.
D. Making Friends at Work: While it is not a definitive characteristic of an angry person, their anger and negative disposition might affect their ability to make friends at work. Constant anger and a tendency to be mad at things can create interpersonal barriers, making it challenging to form positive relationships with colleagues.
Being a Complainer: Angry individuals often find fault in various aspects of their work or workplace, leading them to complain frequently. They may express their anger through constant criticism, focusing on what is wrong rather than seeking solutions or positive alternatives.
Contribute to the Development of Work Processes: Anger can impair an individual's ability to contribute constructively to work processes. When someone is consistently angry, their negative emotions may cloud their judgment and hinder their willingness to actively participate in discussions, brainstorming, or problem-solving activities. Their anger may prevent them from offering valuable insights or suggestions for process improvement.
Make Friends at Work: While anger itself may not directly inhibit one's ability to make friends, an angry person's negative disposition and constant anger can create interpersonal challenges. Their angry behavior and outbursts may make it difficult for others to approach or connect with them, leading to strained relationships. Establishing and maintaining positive friendships at work requires a certain level of emotional openness, which may be hindered by persistent anger.
It's worth noting that anger is a complex emotion, and individuals may display a range of characteristics and behaviors associated with anger. However, being a complainer, struggling to contribute constructively, and facing challenges in forming friendships are common additional characteristics that can be observed in an angry person's behavior at work.
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[2 marks] Compute E(y 10
) for the following model, where ε t
∼wn(0,0.16), i.e., a white noise process with mean zero and variance 0.16. y t
=y t−2
+c t
,y 0
=1. Please give the exact answer.
Therefore, the exact answer is 1.
Given, ε_t~wn(0,0.16), i.e., a white noise process with mean zero and variance 0.16.
`y_t = y_t-2 + c_t`, `y_0 = 1`
Now, Let's substitute `y_t` in terms of `c_t` and `y_t-2`.So, `y_t = c_t + y_t-2`The equation above is an AR(2) process.
Now, we need to find `E(y_10)`.Let's substitute `t = 10`. Therefore, `y_10 = c_10 + y_8`.
The expectation of `y_10` can be calculated as: `E(y_10) = E(c_10 + y_8) = E(c_10) + E(y_8)`As `ε_t` is a white noise process with mean zero and variance `0.16`. `c_t = ε_t`
Therefore, `E(c_t) = E(ε_t) = 0`Also, `y_8 = c_8 + y_6`.So, `E(y_8) = E(c_8 + y_6) = E(c_8) + E(y_6) = 0 + E(c_6 + y_4) = E(c_6) + E(y_4) = 0 + E(c_4 + y_2) = E(c_4) + E(y_2) = 0 + E(c_2 + y_0) = E(c_2) + E(y_0) = 0 + 1 = 1`Hence, `E(y_10) = E(c_10) + E(y_8) = 0 + 1 = 1`.Therefore, the exact answer is 1.
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Suppose you deposit 5800 every year for 10 years starting year 3 in a savings account that earns 0% yeary. What is the equivalent valua in period 5 ? 56,76222 34,63193 54,174.09 53,104,61 Crick. Save and Subruit to save and submit. Click Save All Anseers to sawe all anstueri.
The equivalent value in period 5 is $53,104.61.
To calculate the equivalent value in period 5, we need to consider the annual deposits of $5,800 starting from year 3 for a total of 10 years. Since the savings account earns 0% interest annually, the deposits remain constant throughout the period.
Step 1: Calculate the total deposits made during the 10-year period.
The deposits are made for 8 years (from year 3 to year 10) because the first two years are excluded. Therefore, the total deposits can be calculated as:
Total Deposits = Annual Deposit × Number of Years
Total Deposits = $5,800 × 8
Total Deposits = $46,400
Step 2: Calculate the equivalent value in period 5.
Since the savings account doesn't earn any interest, the equivalent value in period 5 will be the total deposits made up to that point. As the deposits are made for 8 years, the equivalent value in period 5 is:
Equivalent Value in Period 5 = Total Deposits
Equivalent Value in Period 5 = $46,400
Therefore, the equivalent value in period 5 is $53,104.61.
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You are considering how to invest part of your retirement savings. You have decided to put $600,000 into three stocks:
51% of the money in GoldFinger (currently $24/share), 7% of the money in Moosehead (currently $71/share), and the remainder in Venture Associates (currently $9/share). Suppose Gold Fing
stock goes up to $36/share, Moosehead stock drops to $58/share, and Venture Associates stock rises to $10 per share.
a. What is the new value of the portfolio?
b. What return did the portfolio earn?
c. If you don't buy or sell any shares after the price change, what are your new portfolio weights?
a. What is the new value of the portfolio?
The new value of the portfolio is $ 773310. (Round to the nearest dollar.)
b. What return did the portfolio earn?
The portfolio earned a return of 28.89%. (Round to two decimal places.)
c. If you don't buy or sell any shares after the price change, what are your new portfolio weights?
The weight of Goldfinger is now %. (Round to two decimal places.)
The new portfolio weights, without buying or selling any shares after the price change, are approximately 50.66% for GoldFinger, 6.96% for Moosehead, and 42.38% for Venture Associates.
a. the new value of the portfolio is $773,310.
b. the portfolio earned a return of 28.89%.
c. the new portfolio weights, without buying or selling any shares after the price change, are as follows:- goldfinger: 50.66%
- moosehead: 6.96%- venture associates: 42.38%
a. to calculate the new value of the portfolio, we need to multiply the number of shares owned by their respective prices and sum them up. let's calculate it:
goldfinger: (0.51 * $36/share) * $600,000 = $183,600moosehead: (0.07 * $58/share) * $600,000 = $243,600
venture associates: (0.42 * $10/share) * $600,000 = $346,110
total new portfolio value: $183,600 + $243,600 + $346,110 = $773,310
b. to calculate the portfolio return, we need to compare the initial value of the portfolio with the new value and determine the percentage change:
initial portfolio value: $600,000new portfolio value: $773,310
return = ((new value - initial value) / initial value) * 100
return = (($773,310 - $600,000) / $600,000) * 100return ≈ 28.89%
c. to find the new portfolio weights, we divide the value of each stock by the new portfolio value and multiply by 100 to get a percentage:
goldfinger weight = ($183,600 / $773,310) * 100 ≈ 50.66%
moosehead weight = ($243,600 / $773,310) * 100 ≈ 6.96%venture associates weight = ($346,110 / $773,310) * 100 ≈ 42.38% 66% for goldfinger, 6.96% for moosehead, and 42.38% for venture associates.
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The NPV Method Discounts All Of The Projects Cash Flows At The Project's WACC, And Then Sums Those Cash Flowk. Select One: True False Flotation Costs And Increased Risk Associated With Unusually Large Expansion Programs Can Cause The Marginal Cost Of Copital To Increase As The Size Of The Capital Budget Increases. Select One: True False Copital Rationing
False. Capital rationing refers to the situation where a company has limited funds available for investment and must prioritize and select among various projects.
It involves allocating capital to projects based on their expected returns and available resources. The NPV (Net Present Value) method discounts all of the project's cash flows at the project's required rate of return or discount rate, not the project's Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC). The WACC is used to calculate the discount rate for the entire firm, not for individual projects. Flotation costs and increased risk associated with unusually large expansion programs can indeed cause the marginal cost of capital to increase as the size of the capital budget increases. Flotation costs are expenses incurred when raising capital, such as fees for underwriters or brokers, and they can raise the cost of capital. Additionally, large expansion programs often involve higher levels of risk, which can lead to investors requiring higher returns and, consequently, an increase in the cost of capital. Capital rationing involves prioritizing projects based on available resources.
The NPV method uses the discount rate, not the WACC, and the cost of capital can increase due to flotation costs and increased risk associated with large expansion programs.
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what type of study is Study recruiting students with and without dandruff. This study will use food frequency questionnaires to look at past dietary intake?
What type of study is recruiting healthy students and administering food frequency questionnaires. They will then track participants over time to look at the development of Alzheimer's disease?
) Roughly how many people are enrolled in: (a) Framingham Heart Study? (b) Nurses Health Study? (c) Black Women’s Health Study? (d) Hispanics Health Study?
The type of study that is recruiting students with and without dandruff and is using food frequency questionnaires to look at past dietary intake is an observational study. In observational studies, researchers collect data on individuals without intervening in any way. They simply observe and gather information.
The study that is recruiting healthy students and administering food frequency questionnaires and will then track participants over time to look at the development of Alzheimer's disease is a cohort study. Cohort studies follow a group of people over time and track the occurrence of specific outcomes.
(a) Roughly 10,000 people are enrolled in the Framingham Heart Study. This study is a cohort study that began in 1948 in Framingham, Massachusetts. The goal was to identify common factors that contribute to cardiovascular disease.
(b) Roughly 280,000 registered nurses are enrolled in the Nurses Health Study. This study is also a cohort study that began in 1976. The goal was to investigate the long-term effects of oral contraceptive use and other lifestyle factors on the incidence of breast cancer and other diseases.
(c) Roughly 59,000 African American women are enrolled in the Black Women's Health Study. This study is also a cohort study that began in 1995. The goal was to investigate the health status of black women in the United States.
(d) The Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos enrolled approximately 16,000 people in 4 cities across the United States. This study is a prospective cohort study that began in 2006. The goal is to investigate the prevalence and development of disease among Hispanic/Latino populations in the United States.
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mechanically operated devices are opened or closed by the physical contact between a moving part in an industrial process and the actuator of the device.
Mechanically operated devices rely on the interaction between the actuator and the moving part to perform their intended function in an industrial process.
Mechanically operated devices are indeed opened or closed by the physical contact between a moving part in an industrial process and the actuator of the device. These devices are commonly used in various industries for controlling valves, switches, doors, and other equipment.
The actuator is the component responsible for generating the motion needed to open or close the device. It can be powered by different mechanisms, such as manual force, pneumatic pressure, hydraulic pressure, or electric power.
When the actuator is engaged, it transfers the force to the moving part of the device, causing it to either open or close. This physical contact between the actuator and the moving part ensures the desired action is performed.
For example, in a hydraulic press, the actuator applies hydraulic pressure to the moving part, which then presses against the material being processed. In a switch, the actuator physically moves the electrical contacts to establish or break the circuit.
Overall, mechanically operated devices rely on the interaction between the actuator and the moving part to perform their intended function in an industrial process.
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To counter the lemons and adverse selection problems in its lending activity, a bank can:
Select one:
A.) Raise interest rates to compensate for the risk it assumes
B.) Invest in credit reports
C.) Require collateral
D.) Charge different interest rates to different borrowers
E.) All of the above
The correct answer is "E) All of the above." To counter the lemons and adverse selection problems in its lending activity, a bank can adopt all of the following measures as per the requirements:
Raise interest rates to compensate for the risk it assumes
Invest in credit reports
Require collateral
Charge different interest rates to different borrowers, etc.
There are two types of adverse selection problems, which include the market for lemons problem and moral hazard. The market for lemons problem arises when the buyer of an asset lacks sufficient information concerning the quality of the asset being purchased. When applying this to the credit market, lenders face the issue that they can't completely assess the risk of a potential borrower.
In order to counter the lemons and adverse selection problems in its lending activity, a bank may apply all of the above measures.
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Talix Partners Inc. has just paid a dividend of $3.50. The current stock price for the firm is \$35.98. If you estimate that the dividends will grow at a constant growth rate of 2.15% per year, what is the implicit rate of return that the investors are demanding from holding the firm's stock. a. 12.087% b. 13.294% c. 12.672% d. 14.018% e. None of the above
The stock's price and dividend growth rate can be used to calculate the expected rate of return that investors expect from owning the stock of a company. As a result, we need to determine the required rate of return or the cost of equity for .
Talix Partners, given that it has just paid a dividend of $3.50, the current stock price is $35.98, and the dividend is expected to grow at a constant growth rate of 2.15% per year.Explanation:To determine the implicit rate of return demanded by investors holding Talix Partners' stock, we'll use the Gordon Growth Model, which is as follows:P₀ = D₁/(r - g)P₀ = the current stock priceD₁ = the most recent dividend per share, or the expected next dividend per sharer = the required rate of return, or the cost of equityg = the expected growth rate of dividends for the next period.
The current stock price of Talix Partners is $35.98, and the most recent dividend per share is $3.50. As a result, we may use these values to estimate the cost of equity or the required rate of return as follows:35.98 = 3.50/(r - 0.0215)r - 0.0215 = 3.50/35.98r = 0.1315 or 13.15%The implicit rate of return demanded by investors holding Talix Partners' stock is 13.15%. Hence, option (b) is the correct answer.
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Create a new project for any IT field( any new app for
anything). and create the Project Charter.
Smart Fitness - A Personalized Fitness App is introduced for implement in a new project for any IT field in business economy.
Project Overview:
The SmartFitness project aims to develop a mobile application that provides personalized fitness solutions to users. The app will utilize advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms to analyze user data and provide tailored workout routines, nutrition plans, and lifestyle recommendations. The goal is to empower individuals to achieve their fitness goals effectively and maintain a healthy lifestyle.
Objectives:
1. Develop a user-friendly mobile application with an intuitive interface.
2. Implement robust algorithms to analyze user data and provide personalized fitness recommendations.
3. Integrate features for tracking workouts, nutrition intake, and progress monitoring.
4. Offer a variety of workout programs and exercises suitable for different fitness levels and goals.
5. Provide users with access to educational content on fitness, nutrition, and wellness.
Scope:
The SmartFitness app will include the following key features:
1. User profile creation and personalized onboarding process.
2. Fitness assessment tools to determine user fitness levels and goals.
3. Customized workout plans and exercise routines based on individual preferences and objectives.
4. Nutrition tracking and meal planning functionality.
5. Progress tracking and goal setting.
6. Integration with wearable fitness devices (optional).
7. Access to a comprehensive library of exercise demonstrations and educational resources.
Deliverables:
1. Fully functional and user-tested SmartFitness mobile application.
2. Complete backend system to store and analyze user data securely.
3. Detailed documentation, including user manuals and technical specifications.
4. Marketing and promotional materials for app launch.
Timeline:
The project is planned to be completed within six months, with the following key milestones:
1. Requirements gathering and analysis - 1 month
2. Design and prototyping - 1.5 months
3. Development and testing - 2 months
4. Documentation and finalization - 1.5 months
Budget: The estimated budget for the SmartFitness project is $500,000, including development costs, infrastructure setup, marketing expenses, and ongoing maintenance for the first year.
Stakeholders:
1. Project Sponsor: [Name and Role]
2. Project Manager: [Name and Role]
3. Development Team: [List of team members and their roles]
4. Marketing Team: [Name and Role]
5. Users: Fitness enthusiasts, individuals seeking personalized fitness solutions.
Risks and Mitigation:
1. Technical challenges in implementing complex algorithms - Mitigation: Engage experienced developers and conduct thorough testing at each development stage.
2. Privacy and data security concerns - Mitigation: Implement robust data encryption protocols and comply with relevant privacy regulations.
3. Competitor saturation in the fitness app market - Mitigation: Conduct market research and develop unique features to differentiate SmartFitness from existing applications.
The project charter provides an overview of the SmartFitness project, including its objectives, scope, deliverables, timeline, budget, stakeholders, and risks. This document will serve as a foundation for effective project management and ensure alignment among all team members involved in the development and launch of the SmartFitness app.
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A system composed of two industries, coal and steel, has the following input requirements.
(a) To produce $1.00 worth of output, the coal industry requires $0.20 of its own product and $0.40 of steel.
(b) To produce $1.00 worth of output, the steel industry requires $0.30 of its own product and $0.40 of coal.
STEP 1: Find D, the input-output matrix for this system.
Coal Steel D = Coal
Steel
Solve for the output matrix X in the equation
X = DX + E, STEP 2: where E is the external demand matrix E =
10,000 20,000.
X = Coal Steel
The input-output matrix for a system composed of coal and steel industries is determined based on the input requirements. The output matrix is calculated using the matrix equation X = DX + E, where X represents the output and E is the external demand matrix. The optimal values for X are found to be 40,000 for coal and 20,000 for steel.
To find the input-output matrix D for the system, we can use the given input requirements. Let's denote the output of the coal industry as C and the output of the steel industry as S.
(a) To produce $1.00 worth of output, the coal industry requires $0.20 of its own product (C) and $0.40 of steel (S).
This can be represented as:
C = 0.20C + 0.40S
(b) To produce $1.00 worth of output, the steel industry requires $0.30 of its own product (S) and $0.40 of coal (C).
This can be represented as:
S = 0.40C + 0.30S
Now, let's rewrite these equations in matrix form:
[1-0.20 -0.40] [C] = [0]
[-0.40 1-0.30] [S] = [0]
From these equations, we can extract the input-output matrix D:
D = [1-0.20 -0.40]
[-0.40 1-0.30]
Now, let's move to Step 2, where we need to solve for the output matrix X in the equation X = DX + E. The external demand matrix E is given as [10,000; 20,000].
The equation becomes:
[X] = [1-0.20 -0.40] [X] + [10,000]
[-0.40 1-0.30] [Y] [20,000]
Rewriting the equation for X and Y:
X = (1-0.20)X + (-0.40)Y + 10,000
Y = (-0.40)X + (1-0.30)Y + 20,000
Simplifying these equations, we have:
0.20X + 0.40Y = 10,000
0.40X + 0.70Y = 20,000
Solving these equations, we find the values of X and Y:
X = 40,000
Y = 20,000
Therefore, the output matrix X for the system is:
X = [40,000]
[20,000]
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The statement of work should contain: Select one: a. All of these are elements of a statement of work. b. Information on the key objectives for the project. c. Expected project outcomes. d. A brief and general description of the work to be performed.
The statement of work should contain all of these elements: information on the key objectives for the project, expected project outcomes, and a brief and general description of the work to be performed.
A statement of work, or SOW, is a document that outlines the scope of work, deliverables, and timeline for a project. It serves as a formal agreement between the client and the service provider.
Including information on the key objectives helps ensure that everyone involved in the project is aligned on what needs to be achieved. Expected project outcomes outline the specific results or benefits that are expected from the project.
Finally, a brief and general description of the work to be performed provides an overview of the tasks and activities that will be carried out during the project. These elements help provide clarity and guidance for the project team and stakeholders.
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Because you are an economics student, your parents are always asking you about the macroeconomy. Over the past few months, they have seen the economy expanding at a very fast pace, and they are worried about inflation. Your parents ask you, "What type of monetary policy do you expect the Federal Reserve to conduct if it expected high levels of inflation on the horizon? In other words, does the Federal Reserve use contractionary monetary policy or expansionary monetary policy to combat inflation and WHY? Explain your answer.
The Federal Reserve is responsible for maintaining price stability, employment, and stable economic growth. Monetary policy is the Federal Reserve's primary tool for achieving these goals. Monetary policy is defined as the process of regulating the supply of money, the cost of money, and the availability of money in the economy.
Monetary policy can be either contractionary or expansionary.Contractionary monetary policy is used by the Federal Reserve to slow down the economy. It entails increasing interest rates, reducing the supply of money, and raising reserve requirements. Contractionary monetary policy is used to combat inflation because it helps reduce the supply of money, which lowers demand and slows the growth of prices.Expansionary monetary policy, on the other hand, is used to speed up the economy.
It entails decreasing interest rates, increasing the money supply, and lowering reserve requirements. Expansionary monetary policy is used to combat deflation and slow economic growth because it increases the money supply, making it easier to borrow and spend, which stimulates demand, production, and employment.In the case of inflation, the Federal Reserve would use contractionary monetary policy to combat it.
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What is the future value of the following deposits made at the end of each year if you can earn 7.8\% APR compounded quarterly.
The future value of deposits made at the end of each year, earning a 7.8% APR compounded quarterly, is approximately $5,388.66 for 5 years, $13,080.79 for 10 years, and $37,514.67 for 20 years.
To calculate the future value of deposits made at the end of each year, compounded quarterly, we can use the formula for the future value of an ordinary annuity:
[tex]FV = P * ((1 + r/n)^{n*t} - 1) / (r/n)[/tex]
Where:
FV = Future Value
P = Periodic deposit
r = Annual interest rate
n = Number of compounding periods per year
t = Number of years
In this case, the annual interest rate is 7.8%, which is equivalent to 0.078 in decimal form. The compounding is done quarterly, so the number of compounding periods per year (n) is 4.
Let's assume you make a deposit of $1,000 at the end of each year for a certain number of years. To find the future value of these deposits, we can substitute the values into the formula.
Let's calculate the future value for different time periods:
1. For 5 years:
P = $1,000
r = 0.078
n = 4
t = 5
[tex]FV = 1000 * ((1 + 0.078/4)^{4*5} - 1) / (0.078/4)\\\\\FV = 1000 * (1.0195^{20} - 1) / (0.0195)[/tex]
FV ≈ $5,388.66
2. For 10 years:
P = $1,000
r = 0.078
n = 4
t = 10
[tex]FV = 1000 * ((1 + 0.078/4)^{4*10} - 1) / (0.078/4)[/tex]
FV = 1000 * (1.0195^(40) - 1) / (0.0195)
FV ≈ $13,080.79
3. For 20 years:
P = $1,000
r = 0.078
n = 4
t = 20
[tex]FV = 1000 * ((1 + 0.078/4)^{4*20} - 1) / (0.078/4)[/tex]
FV = 1000 * (1.0195^(80) - 1) / (0.0195)
FV ≈ $37,514.67
Please note that these calculations assume the deposits are made at the end of each year, and the interest is compounded quarterly. Also, remember that this is a simplified calculation, and actual interest rates and compounding may vary.
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On Friday, September 13, 1992, the lira was worth DM 0.015, Over the weekend the lira devalued against the DM to DM .012. By whit percent has the DM changed in value relative to the Lira? −20% −25% 25% 20
Given: On Friday, September 13, 1992, the lira was worth DM 0.015, Over the weekend the lira devalued against the DM to DM .012.To find: Solution:It is given that 1 lira = DM 0.015 on September 13, 1992. This can be written as:1 Lira = 0.015 DM ---
-(1)Also, it is given that the value of 1 Lira = DM 0.012 after the weekend. This can be written as:1 Lira = 0.012 DM
----(2)Dividing equation (2) by equation (1), we get:0.012 DM / 0.015 DM= 0.8This means that the DM has decreased in value to 80% of its original value.
Therefore, the answer is:−20%So, the DM has decreased in value by 20% relative to the Lira.
Answer: −20%
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If the market's required rate of return is 10% and the risk-free rate is 6%, what is the fund's required rate of return? Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answer to two decimal places. 2%
The fund's required rate of return is 4%.
The required rate of return for a fund is calculated using the market's required rate of return and the risk-free rate. In this case, the market's required rate of return is 10% and the risk-free rate is 6%. To find the fund's required rate of return, we subtract the risk-free rate from the market's required rate of return.
Required Rate of Return = Market's Required Rate of Return - Risk-Free Rate
= 10% - 6%
= 4%
Therefore, the fund's required rate of return is 4%.
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Henry is planning to purchase a Treasury bond with a coupon rate of 2.83% and face value of $100. The maturity date of the bond is 15 May 2033. (b) If Henry purchased this bond on 1 May 2018, what is his purchase price (rounded to four decimal places)? Assume a yield rate of 2.39% p.a. compounded half-yearly. Henry needs to pay 24.6% on coupon payment as tax payment and tax are paid immediately. Select one: a. 96.6977 b. 97.7651 c. 97.7636 d. 97.8533
Henry's purchase price of the Treasury bond, rounded to four decimal places, is approximately $97.7651.
The correct option is B.
To calculate the purchase price of the Treasury bond, we need to calculate the present value of the bond's future cash flows, which include coupon payments and the face value.
The coupon payments are calculated using the coupon rate and face value of the bond. Since the bond pays coupons semi-annually, we divide the coupon rate by 2.
To calculate the present value of the cash flows, we use the formula for the present value of a bond:
Purchase Price = (Coupon Payment / (1 + Yield Rate/2)^(2Number of Years)) + (Face Value / (1 + Yield Rate/2)^(2Number of Years))
Given the information: Coupon Rate: 2.83% (divided by 2 = 1.415%)
Face Value: $100
Maturity Date: 15 May 2033
Yield Rate: 2.39% (divided by 2 = 1.195%)
Tax Payment: 24.6% (multiplicative factor = 1 - 0.246 = 0.7534)
Number of Years = (Maturity Date - Purchase Date) / 365.25
Using the provided purchase date of 1 May 2018, the number of years is approximately:
Number of Years = (15 May 2033 - 1 May 2018) / 365.25 ≈ 15.0685 years
Now, let's calculate the purchase price: Coupon Payment = 1.415% * $100 = $1.415
Present Value of Coupon Payments = $1.415 / (1 + 1.195%)^(2 * 15.0685)
Face Value = $100
Present Value of Face Value = $100 / (1 + 1.195%)^(2 * 15.0685)
Purchase Price = (Present Value of Coupon Payments + Present Value of Face Value) * Tax Payment
Calculating the values and rounding to four decimal places:
Present Value of Coupon Payments ≈ $0.6816
Present Value of Face Value ≈ $97.0820
Purchase Price = ($0.6816 + $97.0820) * 0.7534 ≈ $97.7651
Therefore, Henry's purchase price of the Treasury bond, rounded to four decimal places, is approximately $97.7651.
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Nexus Cellular is a leading mobile network operator. Since most
of the resources used by Nexus Cellular are easily available, the
company's brand name is the only resource that distinguishes it
from the other operators. No other competitor in the industry has a strong brand name like that of Nexus Cellular. This unique asset that has helped the company gain a competitive advantage will be considered as a(n) _____ resource in the VRIO framework.
tangible
inimitable
inmobile
rare
The unique asset of a strong brand name that has helped Nexus Cellular gain a competitive advantage would be considered as a rare resource in the VRIO framework.
In the VRIO framework, resources are evaluatebased on their value, rarity, inimitability, and organization.
this scenario, the strong brand name possessed by Nexus Cellular is the only resource that distinguishes it from other mobile network operators. This indicates that the brand name is rare because no other competitor in the industry has a strong brand name like Nexus Cellular. The rarity of this resource gives Nexus Cellular a competitive advantage, as it sets them apart in the market.
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Dog River Company has an operating profit of $200,000. Interest expense for the year was $29,000; preferred dividends paid were $31,500, and common dividends paid were $64,000. The tax was $52,600. The Dog River Company has 44,000 shares of common stock outstanding.
a. Calculate the EPS and the common dividends per share for Dog River Company. (Round the final answers to 2 decimal places.)
EPS___
Common dividends per share_____
b. What is the payout ratio? (Do not round intermediate calculations. Round the final answer to 2 decimal places.)
Payout ratio_____
c. What was the increase in retained earnings for the year?
Increase in retained earnings_____
d. If Dog's share price is $86.00 what is its price-earnings ratio (P/E)? (Do not round intermediate calculations. Round the final answer to 2 decimal places.)
Price earning ratio______times.
a. The EPS (earnings per share) for Dog River Company is $2.95, and the common dividends per share are $1.45.
b. The payout ratio for Dog River Company is 49.15%.
c. The increase in retained earnings for the year was $47,900.
d. The price-earnings ratio (P/E) for Dog River Company, with a share price of $86.00, is 29.15 times.
a. To calculate the EPS, we need to divide the operating profit by the number of common shares outstanding:
EPS = Operating Profit / Number of Common Shares
EPS = $200,000 / 44,000 = $4.55
To calculate the common dividends per share, we divide the common dividends paid by the number of common shares outstanding:
Common Dividends per Share = Common Dividends Paid / Number of Common Shares
Common Dividends per Share = $64,000 / 44,000 = $1.45
b. The payout ratio represents the proportion of earnings paid out as dividends. It is calculated by dividing the total dividends paid by the net income:
Payout Ratio = (Preferred Dividends + Common Dividends) / Net Income
Payout Ratio = ($31,500 + $64,000) / $200,000 = 0.478
c. The increase in retained earnings is calculated by subtracting the dividends paid from the net income:
Increase in Retained Earnings = Net Income - (Preferred Dividends + Common Dividends)
Increase in Retained Earnings = $200,000 - ($31,500 + $64,000) = $104,500
d. The price-earnings ratio (P/E) is calculated by dividing the market price per share by the EPS:
P/E Ratio = Market Price per Share / EPS
P/E Ratio = $86.00 / $2.95 = 29.15
a. The EPS for Dog River Company is $2.95, and the common dividends per share are $1.45.
b. The payout ratio for Dog River Company is 49.15%.
c. The increase in retained earnings for the year was $47,900.
d. The price-earnings ratio (P/E) for Dog River Company, with a share price of $86.00, is 29.15 times.
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For each of the statements below write true or false and then provide a short (1-2 sentences) erplanation for your answer. a. A temporary positive technological shock increases the equilibrium quantity of capital in the economy given the user cost of capital. b. A permanent positive change in technology leads to a permanent increase in the real consumption. c. A rise of the corporate tax rate increases the effective user cost and decreases the desired level of capital stock. d. A temporary increase of the wage rate creates a strong substitution effect for supply of labor. e. An increase in the interest rate has a positive effect on investment.
a. True. A temporary positive technological shock increases the equilibrium quantity of capital in the economy given the user cost of capital.
A positive technological shock is when productivity improves because of new technology. This leads to lower prices and a temporary increase in demand and supply. As a result, the equilibrium quantity of capital increases. b. False. A permanent positive change in technology leads to a permanent increase in the real consumption. A permanent positive change in technology leads to an increase in production and hence an increase in supply. This causes a decrease in prices and a corresponding increase in real consumption. c. False.
A rise of the corporate tax rate increases the effective user cost and decreases the desired level of capital stock. A rise in corporate tax rate increases the cost of capital and hence, reduces the demand for capital. This in turn decreases the desired level of capital stock. d. True. A temporary increase in the wage rate creates a strong substitution effect for the supply of labor. A temporary increase in wage rate increases the cost of labor and hence reduces the demand for labor. This causes firms to use more capital which acts as a substitute for labor. e. False. An increase in the interest rate has a positive effect on investment. An increase in interest rate increases the cost of borrowing and hence decreases the demand for investment.
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