Three nursing interventions for a post-operative patient are: Proper positioning: A postoperative patient's position should be changed regularly to prevent the formation of pressure ulcers or bedsores, improve respiratory function, and reduce the risk of thrombosis.
1) Three nursing interventions for a post-operative patient are: Proper positioning: A postoperative patient's position should be changed regularly to prevent the formation of pressure ulcers or bedsores, improve respiratory function, and reduce the risk of thrombosis. Prevention of infection: A postoperative patient should be kept clean and dry to prevent the formation of infections. Hand hygiene should be practiced before and after every patient interaction and the patient's skin should be inspected for any redness or swelling. The nurse should teach the patient and family members about the importance of hand hygiene and how to maintain a clean environment.
Pain management: A postoperative patient should be assessed for pain regularly. The nurse should assess the patient's pain level, provide pain medication as ordered, and use nonpharmacological interventions such as relaxation techniques to reduce the patient's pain. The nurse should teach the patient about the importance of pain management and how to report any unrelieved pain.
2) For a patient with immobility issues, some patient findings might include the following:
Difficulty moving or turning in bed
Weakness
Decreased appetite or loss of appetite
Decreased bowel movements or constipation
Pressure ulcers or bedsores
Decreased skin turgor or edema
Decreased range of motion in joints
Decreased muscle tone or muscle atrophy
3) Complications that can occur as a result of immobility for all body systems are:
Musculoskeletal system: muscle atrophy, joint contractures, bone demineralization, and osteoporosis.
Cardiovascular system: thrombus formation, venous stasis, orthostatic hypotension, and decreased cardiac output.
Respiratory system: decreased oxygenation, respiratory secretions accumulation, and pneumonia.
Gastrointestinal system: decreased appetite, decreased bowel movements, and constipation.
Integumentary system: pressure ulcers or bedsores, and impaired wound healing.
Renal system: urinary stasis, urinary incontinence, and urinary tract infections.
Nervous system: depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbances.
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health and well-being information Name: Ms K. Age: 53yrs. Social history: Ms K. is living alone at home and has a small social network. Ms K. does not instigate activities and waits to be invited to attend events. Ms K. recently had her right toe removed because of a non-healing diabetic foot ulcer. Ms K. has daily support visits from nurses (attending to wound care) and support workers to assist with self-care (ADL's). Health conditions: Type 2 diabetes ( 13 years) Current living arrangements: Living alone with supports in place post-surgery. Health \& Wellbeing: Ms K. prefers not to cook and "happily" lives on take away foods and soft drink. Ms K. finds exercise difficult due to her sore foot and being overweight. Ms K. has persistent high blood glucose levels. Activities of daily living (ADLs): Mobility: Ms K. keeps her right foot elevated. Regular podiatry review in place. Showering: Ms K. has requested full assistance with daily showers. Meals: Meals delivered by Meals on Wheels (twice weekly dinners only) and Uber Eats (every other lunch or dinner). Breakfast is sugary cereals or nothing. Which main body system is involved with Ms K's health condition? Under each of the headings listed, briefly describe how you could promote ways, within your scope as an individual support worker, to support MsK in maintaining a healthy lifestyle. a) Physical activity b) Social interactions c) Emotional health d) Nutrition Name two (2) other body systems that may be affected by this condition and give one (1) example for each of how it is affected
The main body system involved with Ms K's health condition is the endocrine system. Within an individual support worker's scope, the following are ways to support Ms K in maintaining a healthy lifestyle:
a) Physical activity: Encourage Ms K to engage in physical activity within her abilities. For example, a seated exercise routine or a gentle walk for short periods.
b) Social interactions: Encourage Ms K to take part in social activities and events that align with her interests and abilities. For example, volunteering, joining a club, or attending a community group. As an individual support worker, you can also be a supportive companion for Ms K, which helps to reduce her social isolation.
c) Emotional health: Encourage Ms K to express her feelings and thoughts. Promote relaxation techniques that help her to manage stress and anxiety levels. You can also suggest that Ms K participate in creative or meaningful activities that promote feelings of achievement and satisfaction.
d) Nutrition: Encourage Ms K to consume a balanced diet that meets her health needs. In this case, a nutritious and balanced diet that helps regulate blood sugar levels should be recommended. For example, consuming foods rich in fibre, vitamins, and minerals can help with the management of type 2 diabetes.
Two other body systems that may be affected by this condition are the cardiovascular system and the nervous system. The cardiovascular system may be affected because high blood sugar levels can damage blood vessels, increasing the risk of heart attack, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease. The nervous system may also be affected as high blood sugar levels can cause nerve damage, particularly in the legs and feet.
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People can be carriers of Neisseria meningitidis without having
disease from the organism.
True
False
True. People can indeed be carriers of Neisseria meningitidis without showing any symptoms or signs of disease caused by the organism.
Neisseria meningitidis is a bacterium that can cause meningitis and other severe infections. It is commonly found in the nasopharynx (the upper part of the throat behind the nose) of healthy individuals. Carriers can harbor the bacterium without experiencing any illness themselves.
Carriers can unknowingly spread the bacteria through respiratory droplets, particularly during close contact, such as living in close quarters or kissing. While carriers may not be affected by the bacteria, they can potentially transmit it to others, who may then develop meningococcal disease. Vaccination and appropriate public health measures are essential in preventing the spread of Neisseria meningitidis and reducing the risk of disease.
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42 y/o M w/ a 15 yr hx of EtOH dependence relapsed to alcohol abuse 5 mos ago. Patient currently drinks 5-6 drinks 4-5 times/wk. Reports no EtOH withdrawal sx after abstaining for 1-2 days on occasion. He now wants medication to help him to abstain. No home medications/OTC/herbals. NKDA. Rainbow labs WNL.
• What of the following would you recommend? • A. Naltrexone 380 mg IM
• B. Naltrexone 50 mg PO qday
• B. Acamprosate 666 mg PO TID
• C. Disulfiram 250 mg PO qday
Based on the patient's history of alcohol dependence and recent relapse, the recommended medication to aid in abstaining from alcohol would be disulfiram 250 mg PO qday. Here option C is the correct answer.
Disulfiram is an aversion therapy medication that discourages alcohol consumption by causing unpleasant symptoms when alcohol is ingested. It inhibits the enzyme acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, leading to an accumulation of acetaldehyde, a toxic metabolite of alcohol.
This accumulation results in a range of unpleasant symptoms, including flushing, nausea, vomiting, palpitations, and headache. Disulfiram is most effective when the patient is motivated to abstain from alcohol and understands the consequences of consuming alcohol while taking the medication.
It creates a deterrent effect by associating the ingestion of alcohol with unpleasant physical symptoms. The daily dosing ensures continuous coverage and reinforcement of the aversion therapy. Therefore option C is the correct answer.
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Module 02 Discussion - Mobility that Promotes Discussion Topic Activity Time: 2 Hours, Additional Time for Study, Research, and Reflection: 1 Hour Directions: Mobility can have either a positive or negative impact on our patient's lives. You are the nurse of an older adult who is being discharged and need to provide education for the promotion of safe ambulation. How can mobility promote a healthy lifestyle?
Mobility can have either a positive or negative impact on our patient's lives. As a nurse of an older adult who is being discharged, it is important to provide education for the promotion of safe ambulation. Mobility can promote a healthy lifestyle.
Preventing complications: Moving around regularly can prevent the development of complications such as pressure sores, deep vein thrombosis, and muscle weakness. Patients who are mobile are also less likely to develop complications from immobility such as pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and constipation.
Maintaining independence:
Being able to move around independently enables patients to continue to perform daily activities and maintain their independence. This can have a positive impact on their mental health and well-being. In contrast, immobility can lead to depression and feelings of helplessness.
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10- What is the bicarbonate buffer system? How does the amount of blood CO2 affect the system? 11. How is net filtration pressure calculated? 12. Trace the flow of blood starting from the right atrium. 13. Draw the main parts of the male reproductive system.
10- The bicarbonate buffer system is a vital buffer system present in the human body. This buffer system helps in regulating the pH of the blood. It works by converting the excess hydrogen ions (H+) present in the blood into carbonic acid (H2CO3), which then dissociates into bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) and hydrogen ions (H+).
The bicarbonate ions then act as a buffer to balance the pH by binding with the extra H+ ions in the blood. If there is an increase in the amount of blood CO2, the bicarbonate buffer system works to counteract it by increasing the amount of H2CO3 formed, which then dissociates into HCO3- and H+.
11. Net filtration pressure (NFP) is the difference between the forces that promote filtration and the forces that oppose it. It is calculated using the following formula:
NFP = (HPc - HPif) - (OPc - OPif)
Where HPc is the hydrostatic pressure of blood in the capillary, HPif is the hydrostatic pressure of interstitial fluid, OPc is the osmotic pressure of blood in the capillary, and OPif is the osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid.
12. The flow of blood starting from the right atrium is as follows:
Right atrium → Tricuspid valve → Right ventricle → Pulmonary valve → Pulmonary artery → Lungs → Pulmonary vein → Left atrium → Mitral valve → Left ventricle → Aortic valve → Aorta
13. The main parts of the male reproductive system include the following:
- Testes: These are the primary male reproductive organs that produce sperm and testosterone.
- Epididymis: This is a coiled tube that connects the testes to the vas deferens. It stores and transports mature sperm.
- Vas deferens: This is a long, muscular tube that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra.
- Seminal vesicles: These are glands that produce a fluid that nourishes and protects sperm.
- Prostate gland: This is a gland that produces a fluid that makes up semen and helps nourish and protect sperm.
- Bulbourethral gland: This is a gland that produces a fluid that lubricates the urethra and helps to neutralize any acidity remaining in the urethra.
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State which of the provided 9 Transitional Care Settings is appropriate for each case study using supporting rationale as to why that is the best choice. PLEASE INCLUDE RATIONALE. Answers should be at least 150 words but not to exceed 200 words.
Transition choices: 1. ACE 2. Adult Day Care 3. Skilled Nursing Facility/Custodial/Chronic 4. Skilled Nursing Facility/Short Term 5. CCRC 6. Shared Housing 7. Assisted Living 8. PACE 9. Home Care
Question: Sam Irmani is an 89 year old male who lives with his daughter. He seems to have the beginning signs of dementia, is frail, and has had several falls, but without injury. He has burned pans on the stove after forgetting to turn off the burners. His blood pressure is 144/85 when sitting and 120/70 when standing from a sitting position. His daughter cares for him and insists that she will never put him in a nursing home, however, she works during the day. She is concerned about his safety at home. He often talks about the days when he would get together with "the guys" for a game of poker or to watch an "old time" movie. His medical insurance is Medicaid. What setting would you suggest for Sam Irmani? What is the rationale for your decision?
The most appropriate setting for Sam Irmani would be Assisted Living because of his beginning signs of dementia, frailty, and safety concerns.
Assisted living is the best choice for Sam Irmani. Sam Irmani is an 89-year-old man who is experiencing the initial signs of dementia. He is frail, has fallen a few times but without injury, and his daughter is worried about his safety. His blood pressure is also fluctuating between 144/85 when sitting and 120/70 when standing. Sam Irmani's daughter works during the day and is concerned about his safety at home.
Medicaid is his medical insurance. Assisted Living can provide a secure environment for Sam Irmani as he struggles with his dementia, has frailty, and safety concerns. Assisted living also provides residents with socialization opportunities, such as playing poker and watching old movies with others.
Although Sam Irmani's daughter insists that she would never put him in a nursing home, assisted living provides a more supportive environment than living alone. It is the perfect choice for Sam Irmani as he can receive the necessary care to manage his dementia, and his daughter can work with peace of mind knowing that he is safe.
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Select all of the statements that are true regarding SARS COV-2. A. Some patients exhibit 'long COVID' where they, for example, relapse, have more
intense than initial symptoms or develop new symptoms
b. The viral spike protein binds to ACE2 receptors on cells only in the lungs c. Vaccination, social distancing and mask use (even if vaccinated) are still
recommended as we have not yet reached herd immunity
d. It is a DNA virus
The statements that are true regarding SARS COV-2 are A. Some patients exhibit 'long COVID' where they relapse and c. Vaccination, social distancing and mask use are still recommended
Coronavirus, which often affects the human body's respiratory system, is the cause of COVID-19, a respiratory illness. Some individuals display 'long COVID' in which they, for instance, relapse, experience symptoms that are more severe than the initial ones or develop new symptoms. It is a well-known phenomenon that people with COVID-19 continue to have symptoms or develop new symptoms even after the acute phase has passed.
Herd immunity is not yet rea hed therefore vaccination, social withdrawal, and mask-wearing, even if a person has received the vaccine are still advised. To stop the spread of SARS-CoV-2, vaccination is advised along with other preventative measures like social withdrawal and the use of masks. Since global herd immunity has not been attained, these precautions are crucial to safeguard individuals and stop the spread of the virus.
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A nurse is caring for a client with a syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone
(SIADH). Which of the following assessments should the nurse notify the healthcare provider?
a) Ankle edema
b) Tachypnca
c) Jugular vein distension
d) Bounding pulses
The nurse should notify the healthcare provider about jugular vein distension in a client with SIADH. Jugular vein distension is a sign of increased central venous pressure and can indicate fluid overload, which is a potential complication of SIADH.
It may suggest that the client is retaining excessive amounts of fluid due to the overproduction of antidiuretic hormone. Prompt notification of the healthcare provider is necessary to ensure appropriate intervention and management of the client's condition.
Jugular vein distension occurs when there is increased pressure within the central veins, leading to the visible engorgement of the jugular veins in the neck. It can be a sign of fluid overload and impaired cardiac function. In the context of SIADH, where there is excessive water retention and dilutional hyponatremia, fluid overload can worsen the imbalance and potentially lead to complications such as heart failure.
Therefore, it is crucial for the nurse to recognize and report jugular vein distension to the healthcare provider for further assessment and appropriate treatment.
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Discuss the concept "hospital census" with details
including: comparisons between "daily inpatient census" (DIPC) and
inpatient census, average census and the benefits of using such
concept in
Hospital census refers to the total number of patients present in a hospital at a given time. It includes both inpatients (admitted and occupying hospital beds) and outpatients (receiving medical services without being admitted).
Hospital census is a key metric that provides an overview of the patient population within a hospital at a specific point in time. It helps healthcare administrators and staff understand the current utilization of hospital resources and capacity. Here are some important aspects to consider:
Inpatient Census: This refers to the number of patients who are admitted to the hospital and occupying hospital beds. It includes patients in various departments such as medical, surgical, intensive care, maternity, and pediatrics. Inpatient census is used to monitor bed occupancy rates, plan staffing levels, and allocate resources effectively.Outpatient Census: This includes patients who receive medical services in the hospital but are not admitted as inpatients. Outpatients may visit the hospital for consultations, diagnostic tests, treatments, or follow-up appointments. Tracking the outpatient census helps assess the demand for outpatient services, optimize scheduling, and ensure efficient patient flow.Impact on Hospital Operations: The hospital census has implications for various aspects of hospital operations, including resource allocation, capacity management, and patient care. A high inpatient census can strain resources, lead to overcrowding, and impact the quality of care. It may require adjustments in staffing, bed availability, and scheduling to meet patient needs effectively.Census Management: Hospitals often have systems and processes in place to manage and monitor the census. This includes tracking admissions, discharges, and transfers, as well as coordinating bed assignments and patient flow. Accurate and real-time census data supports decision-making, such as identifying areas of high demand, optimizing bed utilization, and planning for future capacity needs.To know more about census click here,
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6) Another type of adaptive immune cell can recognize viral infected cells and attack them directly with perforins and granzymes. It recognized the infected cell due to the presence of viral proteins on the cell surface of the infected mucosa cells bound to [-------] 7) This type of cell is called a L-----].
The type of adaptive immune cell that recognizes viral infected cells and attack them directly with perforins and granzymes, is known as a Lymphocyte.
The Lymphocyte recognizes the infected cell due to the presence of viral proteins on the cell surface of the infected mucosa cells bound to its specific receptor. These cells can recognize an enormous range of different pathogens. However, they can also recognize the body's own cells, which could turn into cancerous cells, for example.
One such check is known as negative selection, which occurs during lymphocyte development in the bone marrow or thymus gland.In conclusion, Lymphocytes play a crucial role in the adaptive immune system by recognizing viral infected cells and attacking them directly with perforins and granzymes. They are capable of recognizing an extensive range of different pathogens and can recognize the body's cells that could turn into cancerous cells.
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Distinguish between functions of the risk management and
utilization management committees of a facility.
Risk management committees identify, evaluate and minimize potential risks whereas Utilization management committees ensure appropriate medical services are provided.
Risk Management Committees are responsible for identifying, assessing, and minimizing potential risks to patients, staff, and visitors in the facility. They also make sure that the facility complies with federal, state, and local regulations related to patient safety and quality of care. They identify and mitigate potential risks by identifying potential problems, developing plans to avoid them, and monitoring progress over time.
Utilization management committees, on the other hand, are responsible for ensuring that appropriate medical services are provided to patients. They analyze the effectiveness and efficiency of care, identify areas of improvement, and make recommendations to improve quality of care. They monitor the use of medical resources and make sure that patients receive appropriate care while avoiding overuse and misuse of services. They also ensure that patients receive timely, cost-effective, and quality care.
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Highlight the option (s) that could be the possible reason for the pathological findings described above. A 60-year-old woman noted numbness with white and red colored background on one of her fingers, while she was driving to work one morning. There was associated pain and numbness. Within 20 minutes after entering the warm office building, these problems disappeared. What pathologic process has most likely led to these findings? Calcification Hypertension Thrombosis Vasculitis Vasoconstriction
The possible reason for the pathological findings described above is Vasoconstriction. Vasoconstriction refers to a constriction of the blood vessels' diameter, which results in a decrease in blood flow in the narrowed vessels.
In the given case, the 60-year-old woman felt numbness with white and red colored background on one of her fingers while driving to work. These symptoms disappeared within 20 minutes after entering the warm office building. The main reason behind these symptoms is vasoconstriction. The constriction of blood vessels leads to a decrease in blood flow through the narrowed vessels.
The reduction in blood flow may result in pain and numbness. The vasculature in the fingers is quite sensitive to vasoconstriction; the digits' blood flow can easily be reduced by temperature changes or vasospasm. The fingers will turn white, and the pain and numbness will be present in cases of Raynaud's phenomenon, which is a disease that causes vasospasm of the arteries in the fingers and toes.
In summary, vasoconstriction is a pathological process that leads to reduced blood flow, and it could be the possible reason for the pathological findings described above.
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A client who is scheduled for a bronchoscopy in the moming is anxious and asking the nurse numerous questions about the procedure. In preparing the client for the procedure, which intervention has the highest priority? A Allow client to gargle with warm salt water. B Administer a sedative to alleviate anxiety. C Instruct client to write down the questions. D Deny client's request for a midnight snack
The correct answer is option b Administer a sedative to alleviate anxiety is the highest priority intervention in preparing the client for the procedure.
Bronchoscopy is a medical procedure that is performed to look inside the lungs. A thin, flexible tube called a bronchoscope is used to see the patient's airways. A client who is scheduled for bronchoscopy in the morning may be anxious and may have numerous questions about the procedure. The highest priority intervention in preparing the client for the procedure is to administer a sedative to alleviate anxiety. A bronchoscopy is a painful and uncomfortable procedure that involves the insertion of a thin tube through the mouth or nose and into the lungs. The patient may experience anxiety or pain during the procedure, which can be alleviated by the administration of a sedative.
Therefore, administering a sedative to alleviate anxiety is the highest priority intervention in preparing the client for the procedure. Allow the client to gargle with warm salt water, Instructing the client to write down the questions and Denying the client's request for a midnight snack is also important, but not as important as administering a sedative. The nurse should explain the procedure to the client in detail, encourage the client to ask questions, and offer reassurance that the procedure will be performed safely.
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FLAG A nurse is coordinating client care after receiving change of shift report. Which of the following actions should the nurse take first? --- Gather supplies for a procedure. Determine client care needs Delegate tasks to an assistive personnel Evaluate a client's response following medication administration
A nurse who is coordinating client care after receiving a shift change report should first determine client care needs to be addressed. That is the right course of action.
This is due to the fact that when the nurse is informed of the clients' situation, they should evaluate the present and expected needs of each client and prioritize the care needs that have to be addressed first and quickly. Subsequently, the other client care needs will be addressed in order of priority as it applies to the clients’ health. Thus, the appropriate action for a nurse who is coordinating client care after receiving a shift change report is to determine the client care needs to be addressed first.
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The order is for 1000mL of D5W to alternate with 1000mL of D5L/R over the next 24 hours at a rate of 150mL an hour. The drop factor is 20 gtt/mL. How many gtt/min will you give?
The infusion should be administered at a rate of 50 gtt/min.To calculate the number of drops per minute (gtt/min) for the infusion, we can use the following formula.
Gtt/min = (Infusion rate in mL/hr × Drop factor) / 60. Given: Infusion rate = 150 mL/hr. Drop factor = 20 gtt/mL Using the formula, we can calculate the gtt/min: Gtt/min = (150 mL/hr × 20 gtt/mL) / 60 = 3000 gtt/60 = 50 gtt/min. Therefore, the infusion should be administered at a rate of 50 gtt/min.
It's important to verify the calculation and adjust the infusion rate accordingly to ensure the accurate delivery of fluids to the patient.
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You have a 75, year-old woman who lives in a group home she has physiological and psychological issues. As an LPN what nursing intervention within your scope of practice can you perform to help, her take better care of her health.
As an LPN, I am a licensed practical nurse who provides direct patient care under the supervision of a registered nurse or physician. My scope of practice includes performing a wide range of nursing interventions to promote the health, well-being, and safety of patients.
As an LPN, I can perform the following nursing interventions within my scope of practice to help the 75-year-old woman take better care of her health:
Conduct a comprehensive assessment of her physical and psychological health: This includes taking her vital signs, assessing her mobility, looking for signs of infection, and asking about her symptoms and medical history.
Develop a care plan: Based on the assessment, I will develop a care plan that outlines specific nursing interventions that are necessary to address her health needs. This plan should be tailored to her specific needs and should be reviewed and updated regularly.
Administer medications: As an LPN, I can administer medications as prescribed by the woman's physician and as authorized by the state's Board of Nursing.
Monitor vital signs: I will monitor the woman's vital signs, such as her blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rate, on a regular basis to detect any changes or abnormalities.
Assist with activities of daily living (ADLs): I will assist the woman with activities such as bathing, dressing, grooming, and using the bathroom.
Assess for signs of pressure ulcers: I will assess the woman for signs of pressure ulcers and document them in her medical record.
Assess for fall risk: I will assess the woman for fall risk and implement interventions to prevent falls, such as providing supervision and assistive devices.
Provide education: I will provide the woman with education on her health conditions, medications, and self-care practices, such as proper nutrition, exercise, and pain management.
Document care: I will document all nursing interventions and assessments in the woman's medical record to ensure continuity of care.
Collaborate with other healthcare professionals: I will collaborate with other healthcare professionals, such as the woman's physician, therapists, and social workers, to ensure that her care is coordinated and comprehensive.
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Which action is correct when bathing Mrs. Smith? A. Removing all of the covers B. Rinsing her skin thoroughly to remove all of the soap C. Washing from the dirtiest area to the cleanest area D. Rubbing the skin dry
The correct action when bathing Mrs. Smith is B) rinsing her skin thoroughly to remove all of the soap. Therefore. the correct answer is option B).
The process of bathing a patient may differ based on the individual. Bathing is a significant nursing care activity that is done to help patients maintain personal hygiene and cleanliness, as well as prevent skin breakdown and infection. In the case of Mrs. Smith, the following are some guidelines that a nurse can follow to ensure that the process is safe and successful:
When it comes to removing all the covers, this is not a recommended practice. Mrs. Smith may have a medical condition that requires her to be wrapped or a condition that causes her to feel cold. Thus, only remove the covers that are necessary for the area of the body you are washing. Rubbing the skin dry is not recommended because it can damage her skin. This process may cause skin irritation, especially if her skin is sensitive. Instead, it is better to pat the skin dry gently with a soft towel.
Washing from the dirtiest area to the cleanest area is not recommended as well. This process can spread the bacteria around her body, which could cause an infection. The proper way to wash a patient is to clean the cleaner areas first, such as the face and chest, then proceed to the dirtier areas.
Rinsing her skin thoroughly to remove all of the soap is the correct action when bathing Mrs. Smith. This practice prevents her skin from drying out or having a soapy residue, which may irritate her skin.
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1. What is (are) the hallmark signs for most infections? 2. What are allergens? Name some of the most common allergens and explain the steps/process that they trigger allergic reaction. 3. What is autoimmunity? Explain the example with symptoms, clinical manifestation and so on. 4. Give an example of autoimmunity? 5. Explain the characteristic of atopic individuals who are genetically predisposed to develop allergies. 6. What is a type I hypersensitivity? Explain how it occurs and its symptoms, the class of Antibodies that are involved in this hypersensitivity, what causes the spasm? How spasm is caused? 7. What is type II hypersensitivity? Explain how it occurs and its symptoms, the class of Antibodies that are involved in this hypersensitivity, what causes tissue damage? 8. Explain the mechanism of different types of hypersensitivity reactions? 9. What is type III hypersensitivity? Explain how it occurs and its symptoms and the class of Antibodies that are involved in this hypersensitivity. 10. What is type IV hypersensitivity? Explain how it occurs and its symptoms, and the class of Antibodies that are involved in this hypersensitivity.
1. The hallmark signs of most infections include inflammation, redness, warmth, pain, and swelling.2. Allergens are substances that cause an allergic reaction.
Some of the most common allergens include pollen, pet dander, dust mites, certain foods (such as peanuts and shellfish), insect stings, and medications. Allergens trigger an allergic reaction by causing the body to produce antibodies, specifically immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. These antibodies bind to allergens, causing the release of chemicals such as histamine, which leads to symptoms such as sneezing, itching, hives, and anaphylaxis.3. Autoimmunity occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells and tissues in the body, resulting in damage and dysfunction. An example of autoimmunity is systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), which is characterized by symptoms such as joint pain, skin rashes, and fatigue. Clinical manifestations can include inflammation of the kidneys, heart, lungs, and brain.4. An example of autoimmunity is multiple sclerosis (MS), which is a chronic disease that affects the central nervous system. Symptoms can include numbness or tingling in the limbs, muscle weakness, and difficulty with coordination or balance.
5. Atopic individuals who are genetically predisposed to develop allergies have a heightened immune response to certain allergens. This can lead to the production of IgE antibodies, which bind to mast cells and cause the release of histamine and other chemicals, resulting in symptoms such as itching, sneezing, and wheezing.6. Type I hypersensitivity is an immediate allergic reaction that occurs when IgE antibodies bind to allergens, causing the release of histamine and other chemicals. Symptoms can include itching, hives, wheezing, and anaphylaxis. The spasm is caused by the contraction of smooth muscles in the airways, which can narrow the airways and make it difficult to breathe.7. Type II hypersensitivity occurs when antibodies bind to antigens on the surface of cells, causing destruction of the cells and tissue damage. Symptoms can include anemia, thrombocytopenia, and autoimmune diseases such as Graves' disease and myasthenia gravis.8. The mechanism of different types of hypersensitivity reactions involves different classes of antibodies and immune cells. Type I hypersensitivity involves IgE antibodies and mast cells. Type II hypersensitivity involves IgG and IgM antibodies and complement proteins. Type III hypersensitivity involves immune complexes and complement proteins. Type IV hypersensitivity involves T cells and macrophages.
9. Type III hypersensitivity occurs when immune complexes accumulate in tissues and cause inflammation and tissue damage. Symptoms can include joint pain, skin rashes, and kidney damage.10. Type IV hypersensitivity occurs when T cells and macrophages attack healthy cells and tissues, causing inflammation and damage. Symptoms can include skin rashes, blisters, and delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions. No class of antibodies is involved in this hypersensitivity.
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Explain the following epidemiological terms.
Randomization
Social determinants
Cause and effect relationship
Analytical epidemiology
Bias
Sampling
Risk factor
Confounding
Randomization: It is the selection of participants, where every individual of the target population has an equal chance of being picked for the study. By doing this, the research can generalize the results to the larger population.
Social determinants: These are conditions where individuals are born, grow, live, work, and age, which affect their health. Social determinants of health include factors such as income, education, occupation, and social class.
Cause and effect relationship: This is an association between exposure and the disease that satisfies specific criteria such as temporality, biological plausibility, and coherence with existing knowledge.
Analytical epidemiology: This is a type of epidemiology that investigates why and how diseases occur. It uses observational studies, randomized trials, and other research methods to identify and quantify risk factors, and evaluate interventions.
Bias: This refers to the systematic error in the collection, analysis, interpretation, and publication of data, which may result in invalid conclusions. Sampling: This is the process of selecting a representative group of individuals from a larger population. It is important to ensure that the selected sample is unbiased and that the results are generalizable to the larger population.
Risk factor: A risk factor is a factor that increases the likelihood of a person developing a disease. These can be behavioral, environmental, genetic, and infectious agents. Confounding: It is a situation where the observed effect of an exposure on an outcome is distorted by the presence of a third variable that is related to both the exposure and the outcome. In other words, the confounding variable must be a cause of the disease under investigation.
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Case Study Hypertensive Crisis (Eclampsia) A 36 year old pregnant patient is in the labor and delivery unit of the hospital. She is 37 weeks’ gestation with her second pregnancy and has had spontaneous rupture of membranes. The patient has been followed closely by her OB/GYN because of her history of high blood pressure during both her last pregnancy and with the current pregnancy. The patient arrived in the labor and delivery unit 6 hours ago and has been having regular contractions and increasing pain and has cervical dilation of 6cm. upon admission to the unit, the patient’s vital signs were: HR 98 bpm, RR 16/minute, BP 128/78 mmHg, T 98.1°F. The client has been taking nicardipine to control her blood pressure during this pregnancy. The patient calls the nurse into her room because she has developed a sudden and severe headache; most of the pain is located behind her right eye. She tells the nurse that she feels dizzy and asks her to turn off the overhead light because she says it hurts her eyes. The nurse performs a rapid assessment and notes that the patient’s HR is 116 and her pulse is full and bounding; her BP is 168/120 mmHg and she is breathing rapidly.
1. The nurse suspects that the patient is experiencing a hypertensive crisis as a result of pre- eclampsia and based on her symptoms and her blood pressure. What other signs or symptoms would be present for this patient to be diagnosed as having a hypertensive emergency?
2. What potential body system complications could develop as a result of unresolved hypertensive crisis? The nurse performs a rapid urinalysis test from a sample of the patient’s urine, which demonstrates elevated levels of urinary protein. After contacting the physician, the nurse received orders to check a complete metabolic panel and to get and EDG stat. the nurse checks the fetal monitor to ensure that the baby is not in distress because of the mother’s condition.
3. After completing the physician’s orders, describe in order the interventions the nurse would perform to control this patient’s condition.
4. What changes in laboratory levels would the nurse expect to see in a patient with hypertensive crisis?
5. Explain why a patient might have elevated protein levels in the urine when experiencing a hypertensive crisis. The nurse reports the laboratory results to the physician and then receives orders to administer labetolol IV 20mg bolus and then 2mg/min continuously. The nurse is also to check BP levels every 5 minutes and notify the provider if the diastolic BP remains over 100 mmHg after 20 minutes. The physician is coming to the hospital to check the patient’s delivery status and the nurse prepares to assist with an emergent delivery if necessary.
6. What side effects should the nurse monitor for when administering labetolol? Nursing Case Studies 15 Med-Surg Case Studies for Nursing Students NURSNG.com NursingStudentBooks.com Jon Haws RN CCRN Sandra Haws RD CNSC Taz Kai LLC
7. If the medication begins to work as it should, what type of patient response would the nurse expect to see?
1. Symptoms of hypertensive crisis: severe headache, visual disturbances, epigastric pain.
2. Complications: cardiovascular, renal, central nervous system, hepatic dysfunction.
3. Interventions: administer labetalol, monitor vital signs, prepare for delivery.
4. Expected changes: elevated liver enzymes, serum creatinine, and BUN.
5. Proteinuria due to renal glomeruli damage in hypertensive crisis.
6. Labetalol side effects: hypotension, bradycardia, dizziness, allergic reactions.
7. Response: decreased blood pressure, improved symptoms if medication effective.
1. In addition to the sudden and severe headache, other signs and symptoms of a hypertensive crisis in this patient may include visual disturbances (such as blurred vision or seeing spots), epigastric pain (pain in the upper abdomen), nausea or vomiting, shortness of breath, changes in mental status (confusion or agitation), and seizures.
2. Unresolved hypertensive crisis can lead to complications in various body systems, including the cardiovascular system (such as heart attack, heart failure, or stroke), the renal system (kidney damage or failure), the central nervous system (brain swelling or hemorrhage), and the hepatic system (liver dysfunction or rupture).
3. The nurse would perform the following interventions to control the patient's condition:
a. Administer the prescribed labetalol IV bolus and continuous infusion.
b. Monitor blood pressure every 5 minutes and notify the provider if the diastolic BP remains over 100 mmHg after 20 minutes.
c. Ensure a quiet and dimly lit environment to minimize sensory stimulation.
d. Administer any other medications or treatments as ordered by the physician.
e. Continuously monitor fetal heart rate and maternal vital signs.
f. Prepare for emergent delivery if necessary.
4. In a patient with hypertensive crisis, the nurse would expect to see changes in laboratory levels such as elevated liver enzymes (indicating liver dysfunction), elevated serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels (indicating kidney damage or failure), and possibly abnormal blood clotting parameters (such as prolonged prothrombin time or activated partial thromboplastin time).
5. Elevated protein levels in the urine (proteinuria) can occur in a hypertensive crisis due to the damage and dysfunction of the renal glomeruli. Increased blood pressure can cause damage to the small blood vessels in the kidneys, leading to leakage of protein into the urine.
6. When administering labetalol, the nurse should monitor for potential side effects such as hypotension (low blood pressure), bradycardia (slow heart rate), dizziness, lightheadedness, fatigue, shortness of breath, and potential allergic reactions.
7. If the medication (labetalol) begins to work as it should, the nurse would expect to see a reduction in the patient's blood pressure, specifically a decrease in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure. The patient's symptoms such as headache, dizziness, and visual disturbances may also improve.
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Laila is 27 years old and 16 weeks pregnant with her first child. Her pre-pregnancy BMI was 22.4. She reports chronic symptoms of "morning sickness" almost her entire first trimester, feeling nauseous and tired for most of it. In her first trimester she gained 2lbs. She has been feeling better the last month or so and has tried to eat as much as she can to "catch up" on gaining weight. Since her 12-week appointment, she has gained 12lbs. for a total of 14lbs. gained at this point in her pregnancy. 1. Using the appropriate pregnancy weight gain chart, is this within the recommended range of weight gain for this stage of pregnancy? YES NO If Laila's pre-pregnancy BMI was 27.4, how much weight would you recommend she have gained at this point in her pregnancy (16 weeks)?
1. The amount of weight gained by Laila is not within the recommended range of weight gain for this stage of pregnancy.
2. If Laila's pre-pregnancy BMI was 27.4, the weight would recommend she have gained at this point in her pregnancy (16 weeks) is 5 to 8 pounds.
According to the American Pregnancy Association, the recommended weight gain in the first trimester for a woman who had a BMI within the normal range before pregnancy is between 1.1 to 4.4 lbs. As Laila gained 2lbs, which is within the recommended range of weight gain for the first trimester.
However, for the second and third trimesters, the recommended weight gain is as follows:
If the mother has a pre-pregnancy BMI of less than 18.5 (underweight), the recommended weight gain is 28-40 lbs.If the mother has a pre-pregnancy BMI of 18.5 to 24.9 (normal), the recommended weight gain is 25-35 lbs.If the mother has a pre-pregnancy BMI of 25.0 to 29.9 (overweight), the recommended weight gain is 15-25 lbs.If the mother has a pre-pregnancy BMI of 30.0 to 40.0 (obese), the recommended weight gain is 11-20 lbs.So, it depends on Laila's pre-pregnancy BMI whether the recommended weight gain is within the range or not. If her pre-pregnancy BMI was normal (between 18.5 to 24.9), her weight gain is within the recommended range as she has gained 14 lbs at this point in her pregnancy. Otherwise, if her pre-pregnancy BMI was higher or lower than normal, it may not be within the recommended range.
2. According to the Institute of Medicine (IOM), the recommended weight gain for a woman whose pre-pregnancy BMI is between 26.0 and 29.0 (overweight) is 15 to 25 pounds. Therefore, if Laila's pre-pregnancy BMI was 27.4, at this point (16 weeks), she should have gained about 5 to 8 pounds.
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All the following are true statements relating to lung cancer EXCEPT? A. Lung tumors can increase the patients metabolism and cause muscle wasting O B>. Small-cell lung cancer is very aggressive and commonly metastasizes to the brain
C. Lung cancer most commonly metastasizes to the kidneys
D. Tumors in the lungs can compress nerves or veins
Lung cancer is a life-threatening disease that occurs due to uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the lungs. These abnormal cells develop into tumors, which can spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic system.
In this regard, the correct option that is not a true statement relating to lung cancer is C, Lung cancer most commonly metastasizes to the kidneys. Metastasis is a medical term that refers to the spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. It occurs when cancer cells break away from the primary tumor and enter the bloodstream or lymphatic system.
Once in the bloodstream, the cancer cells can travel to other organs and form new tumors. The organs most commonly affected by metastatic lung cancer are the brain, bones, liver, and adrenal glands. In summary, while options A, B, and D are true statements relating to lung cancer, option C is not a true statement because lung cancer rarely metastasizes to the kidneys.
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1. Which of the following is not a gait pattern used with ambulatory devices? a. Three-point swing through b. Four-point c. Two-point swing to d. Three-point swing to
The gait pattern that is not used with ambulatory devices is d. Three-point swing to.
Three-point swing to is not a gait pattern used with ambulatory devices. This gait pattern involves advancing a lower extremity forward using an assistive device while simultaneously moving the opposite lower extremity forward without weight-bearing. It requires the use of both arms and one leg to achieve forward movement.
In contrast, the other gait patterns mentioned—three-point swing through, four-point, and two-point swing to—are commonly used with ambulatory devices. Three-point swing through involves advancing an assistive device forward followed by the affected lower extremity and then the unaffected lower extremity. Four-point gait involves the sequential movement of an assistive device, followed by the affected lower extremity, then the unaffected lower extremity, and finally the contralateral assistive device. Two-point swing to is similar to four-point gait, but it requires the use of only one assistive device.
It is important to understand the various gait patterns to properly assess and provide appropriate ambulatory devices for individuals with mobility impairments. Each gait pattern has its own indications and considerations based on the individual's functional abilities and needs.
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which action would the nurse take for a withdrawn client who refuses to get out of bed and becomes upset when asked to do so quizlet
As a nurse, when caring for a withdrawn client who refuses to get out of bed and becomes upset when asked to do so, there are some actions that you can take.
Such actions may include but not limited to; being empathetic, providing emotional support, building trust, and collaborating with the client to develop a personalized care plan. Below are some actions you could take: Being empathetic When a client becomes upset and refuses to get out of bed, it's essential to show empathy. Empathy helps the client feel understood, and this can go a long way in calming them down.
Building trust with a client is essential in promoting cooperation. The client needs to know that you are there to support them and help them feel better. Be honest and straightforward with the client and communicate the importance of getting out of bed. Collaborating with the client to develop a personalized care plan can help you identify their specific needs.
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A physician orders D5NS q24h with a flow rate of 50 mL/hr. How many milliliters will the patient receive in 1 day?
When a physician orders D5NS q24h with a flow rate of 50 mL/hr, the patient will receive 1,200 milliliters in 1 day.
The ordered rate is 50 mL/hr, and the physician orders D5NS q24h.
This means that the patient will receive 50 mL every hour for 24 hours.
Therefore, the total amount of D5NS the patient will receive in one day is:
50 mL/hour × 24 hours=1,200 mL
So, the patient will receive 1,200 milliliters in 1 day.
Calculation
We can solve the problem using the following formula:
Total volume = flow rate × time
In the problem, the flow rate is 50 mL/hour, and the time is 24 hours.
Therefore, we can substitute these values into the formula and calculate the total volume as follows:
Total volume = 50 mL/hour × 24 hours = 1,200 mL
Hence, the patient will receive 1,200 milliliters in 1 day.
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The nurse is performing triage on a group of clients in the emergency department. Which of the following dients should the nurse see FIRST?
AO A boy complaining of knee pain after playing basketball.
BO A 62-year-old woman reporting hot flashes and general joint pain.
C© A man complaining of heartburn that radiates to his jaw and between his shoulder blades.
DO A woman in her first trimester of pregnancy complaining of insomnia and GERD.
In an emergency department, the nurse must prioritize which patient to attend first by doing triage.
It's based on the patient's condition that helps the nurse determine the order of care. The patient with the most life-threatening symptoms should be seen first, regardless of their arrival time. When triaging clients, the nurse's top priority is to save lives and preserve limbs. If there are many patients to attend to, then the nurse must determine the severity of each case. The patient who should be seen first is C. A man complaining of heartburn that radiates to his jaw and between his shoulder blades.
This patient is showing signs of myocardial infarction, commonly known as a heart attack. Prompt assessment and treatment are required to improve survival and decrease morbidity from myocardial infarction. A myocardial infarction is an event that occurs when the heart muscle doesn't receive adequate oxygen and dies. The symptoms of a heart attack can vary but may include discomfort, pressure, or a squeezing sensation in the chest. It may also radiate to the jaw, left arm, or shoulder blades.
Additionally, patients can experience shortness of breath, sweating, dizziness, or nausea. The nurse must intervene immediately and alert the physician or activate the cardiac emergency team. The goal is to reduce the patient's symptoms and prevent further heart damage.
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• Professional conduct and ethical considerations of an early childhood teacher • Discuss the elements of the professional conduct required of early childhood teachers in practice. o Discuss the ethical considerations early childhood teachers need to be aware of in practice. • Establishing and maintaining quality interactions with children o Discuss the importance of quality interactions with children. o Outlines strategies for establishing interactions with children. o Discusses approaches for maintaining interactions with children. • Understanding national legislation in early childhood o Research and identify the current Early Childhood Education and Care Law and Regulations utilised in Aus o Provide an overview and description of what the legislation covers. o Outline the impact of this legislation on work practices in early childhood settings. o Outline the impact of this legislation on policy development and implementation. • The importance of child protection in early childhood o Correctly reference the current child protection legislation in relation to early childhood. o Describe the importance of child protection in early childhood o Define and describe types of abuse and neglect. o Lists typical and non-typical indicators of the types of abuse and neglect o Identify strategies educators can use when responding to disclosures. • Roles and responsibilities in Workplace, Health and Safety o Correctly reference the current WHS legislation in relation to early childhood. o Outline the WHS roles and responsibilities of early childhood employers and employees o Outline the importance of hazard identification,
Professional conduct and ethical considerations of an early childhood teacher are very important. This is because the early years of a child's life are crucial for building a solid foundation for their future. Hence, the teacher should be responsible, committed, and accountable.
Elements of Professional Conduct required of early childhood teachers in practice:The teachers should abide by the national code of ethics, code of conduct, and standards for teachers. These are developed to ensure professionalism, integrity, and ethical behavior among teachers. In addition, teachers should follow these guidelines to maintain a safe and supportive learning environment, provide quality learning experiences, build positive relationships with children, families, and communities, and promote respect, dignity, and confidentiality.Ethical considerations early childhood teachers need to be aware of in practice:Teachers should be aware of the ethical considerations that can arise in their practice.
The current WHS legislation in Australia is the Work Health and Safety Act 2011.Outline the WHS roles and responsibilities of early childhood employers and employees: The roles and responsibilities of early childhood employers and employees include ensuring a safe and healthy work environment, identifying and managing hazards and risks, providing training and supervision, consulting with workers and their representatives, and reporting and investigating incidents and accidents.Outline the importance of hazard identification, risk assessment, and control: Hazard identification, risk assessment, and control are important because they help to identify potential hazards, assess the level of risk, and implement control measures to eliminate or reduce the risks.
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Identify the part of the nephron where glomerular filtration occurs. a.glomerulus b.proximal convoluted tubule c.loop of Henle d.distal convoluted tubule e.collecting duct
The part of the nephron where glomerular filtration occurs is the glomerulus. The answer is (A).
Glomerular filtration is the first stage in the formation of urine. In the renal corpuscle of the nephron, it takes place and is a three-step procedure. It is the process by which the kidney filters the blood to extract waste products and surplus fluids. The glomerulus is a blood-filtering unit that is a fundamental aspect of the nephron.
In the renal corpuscle, the glomerular filtration occurs. The renal corpuscle includes Bowman's capsule and the glomerulus. It is located in the outer cortex of the kidney. In the nephron, this process of filtration is the initial step in the formation of urine. The kidney's nephron is responsible for filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.
The process of filtration occurs in the glomerulus, which is part of the renal corpuscle. The glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, Loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct are all parts of the nephron.
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Glomerular filtration occurs in the glomerulus of the nephron, where small solutes are forced from the blood into the Bowman's capsule due to blood pressure.
Explanation:The part of the nephron where glomerular filtration occurs is the glomerulus (option a). This process takes place in the renal corpuscle which consists of the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule. During this stage, blood pressure forces small solutes, including water, ions, glucose, and amino acids, from the blood in the glomerulus into the Bowman's capsule. Not all components of the blood filter into the Bowman's capsule; larger molecules and cells remain in the bloodstream. After glomerular filtration, the filtrate then moves into the proximal convoluted tubule for further processing.
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If a client presented to the facility and you found that the
person suffered an injury or was shaving an Asthma episode on
admission to the facility what actions do you need to take
If a client presented to the facility and you found that the person suffered an injury or was having an Asthma episode on admission to the facility, the following are the actions that need to be taken: In the case of injury:If the person is suffering from an injury on admission, the following actions need to be taken:
Apply first aid treatment and seek emergency medical attention as necessary. Report the injury to the supervisor in the facility and complete an incident report form. If needed, inform the physician who is responsible for the care of the patient in the facility and provide the details of the injury to them.
In the case of an asthma episode: If the person is having an asthma episode on admission, the following actions need to be taken: Provide reassurance to the client and administer oxygen or prescribed medication as required. Monitor the vital signs and document the interventions that were performed.
Complete an incident report form and report the episode to the supervisor of the facility and if needed, to the physician responsible for the client's care. Inform the client's family or the next of kin as required.
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A client with elevated thyroxine is very anxious and agitated. The vita signs show blood
pressure 150/90 mmHg, the oral temperature is 103°F and the heart rate is 120 beats per minute.
Which of the following interventions should the nurse prioritize?
a) Place the client in cool environment away from high traffic areas
b) Administer a beta-adrenergic blocker intravenously
c) Place the client in NO status for a thyroidectomy procedure
d) Provide dark glasses to reduce glare and prevent irritation
a) Place the client in a cool environment away from high traffic areas.
Elevated thyroxine: Elevated thyroxine levels can indicate hyperthyroidism, a condition where the thyroid gland produces an excess amount of thyroid hormones.
Symptoms of hyperthyroidism include anxiety, agitation, increased body temperature, and increased heart rate.
Cooling environment: The nurse should prioritize placing the client in a cool environment away from high traffic areas. Hyperthyroidism can cause increased heat intolerance, and a cool environment.
It can help alleviate discomfort and prevent further elevation of body temperature.
High blood pressure: The client's elevated blood pressure of 150/90 mmHg indicates hypertension, which can be a result of increased sympathetic activity due to hyperthyroidism.
Placing the client in a cool environment can help lower blood pressure by reducing stress and promoting relaxation.
Intravenous beta-adrenergic blocker: While beta-adrenergic blockers may be used to manage symptoms of hyperthyroidism, administering them intravenously (option b) is not the priority in this scenario.
The client's elevated blood pressure alone does not necessitate immediate intravenous administration of a beta-blocker.
NO status for a thyroidectomy: The option to place the client in NO (nothing by mouth) status for a thyroidectomy procedure (option c) is not applicable in this situation. It is not mentioned or indicated that the client requires a thyroidectomy at this time.
Dark glasses: While providing dark glasses to reduce glare and prevent irritation (option d) may be helpful for eye-related symptoms associated with hyperthyroidism, such as photophobia or eye discomfort, it is not the priority intervention in this case.
In summary, in a client with elevated thyroxine, anxiety, agitation, and elevated vital signs, the nurse should prioritize placing the client in a cool environment away from high traffic areas.
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